Corruption as a Reason to Radicalization of Islam in North Caucasus

published: Материалы Международной научно-практической

Конференции, «НАУКА И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ

МИРЕ», ТОМ 7, Қарағанды, Болашақ-Баспа, 2012

  Tengiz Simashvili

Corruption as a Reason to Radicalization of Islam in North Caucasus

                                                                                       
                                                                                   

Nowadays Radical Islamic Movement for Caucasus – Wahhabis, as acting under “Al-Qaida”, ideology of International Islamic Terrorist Organizations’ link is sufficiently problematic for the whole world.[1, 267-271] Islam Radicalization processes, taking place in North Caucasus are especially very dangerous for Caucasus region. Sunni Islam is mainly popular in North Caucasus Islamic Republics, belong to Russian state – Karachaevo-Cherkezia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan, only in the south of Dagestan there are few Shiite communities. That’s why Wahhabis - the Sunni Islam fundamental direction was spread mainly in North Caucasus with the form of Radical Islam.[2]

At the beginning of 1990, Russian State structures considered, that Wahhabis in North Caucasus weren’t dangerous, as they revealed negative attitude towards the representatives of Traditional Islam. In their opinion, Traditional Islam was the ideology of newly appeared “People Front”, other parties which were appearing with national sovereignty getting slogans and were opposing to central Russian authorities. That’s why from one side, they thought that Wahhabis will make the local, Traditional Islam followers weak. From another side, they supposed that with the help of this policy they’ll be able to weaken the local population separatist attitude, as they’ll be included in religious opposition, began between Traditional and Fundamental Islamic directions. Various Muslims population of North Caucasus actively began mastering the Wahhabis ideas. Traditional Islam representatives opposed to Wahhabi followers. And then the result turned out to be deplorable for Russia. From the end of 1990, exactly Wahhabis turned into main motive power of Terroristic War against Russian State in North Caucasus.[11]

At present, Central authority of Russia changed its tactic and began to support the local, Traditional Islam representatives in North Caucasus. It tries to use them in the struggle against Radical Islamic movements. In this situation, Wahhabis adjusted to the North Caucasus specification from the other side. For example, in Dagestan twelve nations and more than thirty ethnic groups are inhabited. Other republics are of more or less variety too. Central Authority of Russia take orientation on the tradition, characteristic for the Soviet Period – on supporting separate nations, ethnic groups, on giving more political power to them in compare with others.[3]

For example, Russians chose Kabardians as the basis in the Republic of Kabardo-Balkaria. Generally, Balkarian regions of Kabardo-Balkarian republic are the poorest and socially badly organized. This and the above mentioned discrimination treatment – oppression of the population to take part in the social-political life of the republic, played the role of catalyst for consolidating in radical Islamic Organizations of the local youth. That’s why, in this republic, which was selected with its calmness in North Caucasus, Vahabits began to be active enough during the last years. Mainly the ethnical Balkarians are united in local Wahhabis “Jamaats”.

There exist also reasons, in spite of above mentioned measures of central government of Russia; followers of Tradition Islamic trends are extremely activated in North Caucasus.

Traditionally, since SSSR period, republics of North Caucasus are subsidy republics. Their budget was filling and even today fills from central budget of Russian Federation. According to the data of Ministry of Regional Development of Russian Federation 2006 percentage amount of subsidy in the republics of North Caucasus was as follows: Adige - 60,68%; Karachevo-Cherkasia – 67,16%; Kabardino-Balkaria – 67,38%; Dagestan – 78,82%; Chechnya – 84,21%; Ingushetia – 89,24%.[4]

It means that they have no their own income, and accordingly they can’t provide population with working places, that causes mass unemployment. It is added by the general problem of Russian Federation and generally Post-Soviet countries – heavy corruption. Just corruption plays one of the main roles in radicalization of believer Muslim youth in Caucasus.

According to a Russian journalist working on Caucasus themes, U. Snegiriov main core of local Wahhabis warriors in modern Dagestan is young, 17-25 years old representatives of less provided families, which were keeping themselves with accidental jobs or they were generally unemployed until entering Islamic Terrorist organizations. He thinks, that except of hard social conditions, injustice and very heavy corruption revealed from local government plays a great role as well.[5]

His consideration is confirmed by the words of R. Gereev, head of “Youth Monitoring” group of the Republic of Dagestan of Russian Federation and Islamic Research Center of North Caucasus – it is the fault of the heaviest corruption existed in modern Dagestan, that believer Muslim young people become members of Terrorist Organizations created on “Wahhabis” ideological base.[6]

According him, corruption reached its maximum limit in the republics of North Caucasus; it penetrate into absolutely all local legislative executive bodies; posts moves hereditary; there exists clan-based governance; business is produced only by persons with close relations with low and upper units of the government and other.  

According to local population, middle and high units of not only government structures, but also educational system, mass media and non-governmental structures are wholly recruited with people having close relations with government. Appointment on posts happens through bribe, acquaintances or relatives. Accordingly, because of these factors, Radical Islam in North Caucasus appears as “Wahhabis” as just one of the kinds of social protest.

As I’ve mentioned above, in 1990-ies central government of Russia couldn’t realize what danger “Wahhabis” doctrine had. And at present time it is already powerless to take any effective measures. The point is that central government of Russia is based on the highest representatives of the governments of the republics of North Caucasus, officials and politicians, who were and are even today deeply indebted  in corruption.

Although leadership of Russian Federation declares aloud starting so called anti-corruption campaigns, but battle with corruption has no result at all. According to above mentioned R. Gereev – persons, who battle with corruption, are corrupt themselves in real.[6]

It is necessary to mention here the circumstance, that paradoxical situation is created in the republics of North Caucasus today – local Wahhabis mainly are armed, buy food and other necessary things by the money, which is “paid” by local businessmen and officials for personal safety. The main source of their financing is taxed so called “black” business. More specifically, they extort money mainly people who earn money with illegal industrial activity, hiding taxes from the state, who abuse their posts and are indebted into corruption and other.

According to the information of Ministry of Internal Affairs of Dagestan, at the beginning of 2011 year they revealed the scheme of money paying to Wahhabis terrorists as it follows: officially registered firm in in Dagestan, which had no industrial activity, formed contracts with different enterprises and money transfers realized from their account to its account. Or by this way they extort money from owners of different enterprises and these sums were used by the owner of the above mentioned firm for buying warriors’ gun, clothes, product and others. From 2006 to 2011 about 167 million(!) Russian rubles were on the account of the firm.[7]

Such kind of situation is not only in Dagestan. According to the President of Ingushetia, I. Evkurov, during last six years Ingushetia state officials and businessmen have been paying tribute to terrorists for their own safety.[8]

Financing of North Caucasus Wahhabis terrorists by local businessmen is confirmed also by representative of the President of Russia in North Caucasus Federal Region, A. Khloponin.[12]

            It is obvious that financing terrorists acting under radical Islamic ideology is well known for force structures of local government. Even more, reviewer of “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” M. Famullaev in his article “Money for Terror and from Terror” directly indicates that every second citizen of North Caucasus republic can entirely or partly name who and how much pays to terrorists.[12]

            To his opinion, it is already several years that Wahhabis warriors (Mujahidin) methodologically treated extorting money from businessmen. Business of North Caucasus republics is completely or at least partially taxed from them.  Not only businessmen, but very often even state officials have to transfer them from their incomes, 20 percent of the total sum for producing “Jihad”. From the sums extorted under death threat half of the money is divided by Wahhabis warriors, 20% of rest of the sum is delivered to “Amir” or head of the Jamaat and 30% for producing “Jihad” or buying weapons, equipments, product and other necessary things for Wahhabis warriors.

In that way, with different kinds of reasons participation in “Jihad” for young people is attracting because they get careless monthly income from the sums extorted in such way.

Thus, heavy corruption existed in North Caucasus, which on the one hand supports young’s radicalization, on the other hand is transformed by them as supportive factor for continuing terrorist activity.

Related with this, consideration of simple population is interesting, that local regional force structures, from its side, are interested in preserving hard criminal situation. For them it is a mean demanding sums central budget of Russian Federation and then spending it uncontrollably. That’s why they are not battle effectively consciously as with terrorism revealing, as solving different social problems and including corruption.[9]

This opinion is shared by representatives of force structures of Russia. According to Russian military expert colonel V. Popov, although Russian special services gained successes with battle of warriors in North Caucasus, positive changes in social and economic spheres are not realizing, and in result of it rows of “Wahhabis” warriors are filling with young.[10]

According to the opinion of the President of Kabardino-Balkaria, A. Kanakov – without right state policy in Caucasus it is impossible to destroy young people’s wish joining in radical Islamic organizations, as Wahhabis terrorists give them money on the one hand and belief on the other hand, and we do not give them neither money nor belief.[13]

Accordingly, in future in the republics of North Caucasus of Russian Federation what more abysses between rich and poor becomes deeper, unemployment and corruption level will increase and Islamic Terror will get danger scales. It is possible to strengthen and turn into a guerrilla war, which will create a danger not for only Russia’s stability, but safety of the whole region.  

In the republics of South Caucasus, where Muslims live with a great amount, I imply Georgia and Azerbaijan, prevention measures should be taken against Islam Radicalization.

Nowadays, analysis of above mentioned current processes in North Caucasus directly indicates that one of the inevitable measures should be eradication of aggravating circumstances for corruption, nepotism and other social background; Muslim youth’s mass enrolment in different kinds of educational projects; creating profitable conditions for entering state universities, getting high education and other.

References:

1.      T. Simasvili, ,”Terrorist Wars and Wahhabis”; Collection of works of political science Institute,  “Tselitsdeuli”,  Tbilisi, 2005, pg.: 267-271(on Georgian)

2.      Caucasian Regional Studies (1999), “ Islamic fundamentalism on northern Caucasus: to problem statement";  http://www.izvestia.ru/articles/article828314/   

3.      M. Shevchenko, (17.05.1997), “Wahhabites are ready to fight" (Opposition in mountain Dagestan threatens to pass in a stage of religious war): ”Novaia Gazeta", http://www.uni-potsdam.de/u/slavistik/zarchiv/0597m/k089-11.htm (Is searched 07.III.1999)

4.      http://newsland.ru/News/Detail/id/381333/5.      J. Snegiryov, “Dagestan: militiamen to destroy, not to touch simple people who tries to blow up republic from within”; http://www.izvestia.ru/special/article3132817/

6.      “The expert: Without cardinal measures in the religious policy Russia the sad future waits”;

http://muslem.ru/?p=3657

7.      The Dagestan businessman has financed insurgents; http://newsland.ru/news/detail/id/667841/cat/48/

8.      “Ali Taziev on a nickname of Magas can’t live to court”;

http://www.trud.ru/article/11.06.2010/244131_ali_taziev_po_klichke_magas_mozhet_ne_dozhit_do_suda.html

9.      I. Suhov, “Struggle against terrorism: the North Caucasian federal district”; http://www.agentura.ru/dossier/russia/people/sukhov/counterterrorism/

10.  Vl. Mukhin ,”New intensity focuses on Caucasus Goes not declared guerrilla war, and its scales expand more and more”;  http://www.ng.ru/regions/2011-03-30/1_kavkaz.html

11.  J. Rybina,”To Kill incorrect _ it how to make a Mohammedan prayer”, “Kommersant”; http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=353925

12.   M.A. Famullaev, “Many for Terror and from Terror”; http://www.ng.ru/politics/2011-04-06/3_kartblansh.html

13.  “Results of 2010: statistics of losses of agents of national security in the North Caucasus”; http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/index.htm

Modern Radical Islamic Movements and Russian Special Services Tactic in the North Caucasus (History and Modernity)

Modern Radical Islamic Movements and Russian Special Services Tactic in the North Caucasus

(History and Modernity)
                                                                                                              Tengiz Simashvili

The Sunni Islam Fundamental direction(Wahhabis) were spread in North Caucasus mainly with the form of Radical Islam in 1990.   Nowadays Members of the Radical Islamic Movement in the North Caucasus republics of the Russian Federal State are fighting against central government under the usage of Terrorist War methods and ways. In fact, their armed detachments have become Terrorist Organizations.

At present, Central Russian government Special Services of Russian Federation changed own tactic and have made orientation on a wide usage of the secret agents against Radical Islamic Movement in North Caucasus.

Special Services modern Russian Federation are using against the Radical Islamic Movement acting in the North Caucasus republics analog strategy, tactic, methods and ways used by the Russian Imperia and Soviet Special services. Thus, studying and analyzing the history of Russian Special Services is necessary and inevitable - everything new is well forgotten old.

$1

Modern Radical Islamic Movements in the North Caucasus

1994-2005

Wahhabis - the Islamic Sunni Fundamental direction was spread mainly in North Caucasus with the form of Radical Islam. At the beginning of 1990, representatives of Wahhabis religious direction, in North Caucasus Republics first of all began to found ecclesiastic schools, teaching Arabian, spreading Koran without charge and other peaceful and charitable activities. Followers of Wahhabis then made the so-called “Islamic” Universities, military-training camps. Began ideological and military preparation of their followers.[T. SimaSvili, ,”Terroristic wars and vahabism”, Collection of works of political science Institute “Tselitsdeuli”,  Tbilisi, 2005, pg. 267-271, (on Georgian)]

At the beginning of 1990, Russian State structures considered, that Wahhabis in North Caucasus weren’t dangerous, as they revealed negative attitude towards the representatives of Traditional Islam. In their opinion, Traditional Islam was the ideology of newly appeared ‘’Popular Fronts’’, parties which were appearing with national sovereignty getting slogans and were opposing to central authority. That’s why from one side, they thought that Wahhabis will make the local, Traditional Islam followers weak. From another side, they supposed that with the help of this policy they’ll be able to weaken the local population separatist attitude, as they’ll be included in religious opposition, began between Traditional and Fundamental Islamic directions. Various Muslims population of North Caucasus actively began mastering the Wahhabis ideas. Traditional Islam representatives opposed to Islam Wahhabis followers. And then the result turned out to be deplorable for Russia. From the end of 1990, exactly Wahhabis turned into main motive power of Terroristic War against Russian State in North Caucasus.

According to Russian sources, nowadays, almost in all North Caucasus Republics, there takes place Wahhabis “Jamaat”.[Caucasian Regional Studies (1999), ,,Исламский фундаментализм насеверном кавказе: к постановке проблемы". http://www.izvestia.ru/articles/article828314/] Existence of customs characteristic for patrimonial relations among the people, who recognize Islam helps to unite persons in “Jamaat’s” into one purposeful force. Wahhabis “discussions” change its members unification tradition with the members of kindred tribe. It inspires, that it is united with its like-minded people under stronger factor, common religious idea and their “Jamaat” is the plenipotentiary part of world’s Muslim community (“Uma”). Strained tribal relations, characteristic for Traditional Islam is very important for the motivation of younger’s entering into Wahhabis “Jamaat”. By entering into “Jamaat” they are trying to overcome the ancient things in their opinion – authority of elders, youngster’s minor role in discussing the tribal issues of the day, their ignorance in local administrating structures in governing country, small town and others. Hard social condition of the region inhabitants pushes youngsters to unite into Wahhabis “Jamaat”.[В.Речкалов(10.12.2004), ,,Идеология Басаева”, ,,Известия”, http://www.izvestia.ru/articles/]

Nowadays, many Wahhabis are in North Caucasus Republics.       At present, on the one hand, Central authority of Russia changed its tactic and began to support the local, traditional Islam representatives in North Caucasus. It tries to use them in the struggle against Islamic Radical Movements. In this situation, Wahhabis adjusted to the North Caucasus specification from the other side. For example, in Dagestan twelve nations and more than thirty ethnic groups are inhabited. Other republics are of more or less variety too. Central Authority of Russia take orientation on the tradition, characteristic for the Soviet Period – on supporting separate nations, ethnic groups, on giving more political power to them in compare with others. [М. Шевченко (17.05.1997), ,,Ваххабиты готовы к бою'' (Противостояние в горном Дагестане грозит перейти в стадию религиозной войны): ,,Независимая Газета'’.http://www.uni-potsdam.de/u/slavistik/zarchiv/0597m/k089-11.htm]

For example, Russians chose Kabardians as the basis in the Republic of Kabardo-Balkarya. Generally, Balkarian regions of Kabardo-Balkarya republic are the poorest and socially badly organized. This and the above mentioned discrimination treatment – oppression of the population to take part in the social-political life of the republic, played the role of catalyst for consolidating in radical Islamic Organizations of the local youth. That’s why, in this republic, which was selected with its calmness in North Caucasus, Wahhabis began to be active enough during the last years. Mainly the ethnical Balkaryans are united in local Wahhabis “Jamaat”.

     And, on the another hand, Central Russian government Special Services of Russian Federation changed own tactic and have made orientation on a wide usage of the secret agents against Radical Islamic Movement in North Caucasus.

$2

Russian Special Services in the North Caucasus – History and

Modernity

After physical destruction of “Al-Qaeda” local leaders and even Bin Laden, Antiterrorist Analytic Centers have already started to speak loudly, that in the process of fighting Islamic Terrorism – the most dangerous manifestation of International Radical Islamic Movement, it is necessary to use  the secret agents with wider scales.

Nowadays Members of the Radical Islamic Movement in the North Caucasus republics of the Russian Federal State are fighting against central government under the usage of Terrorist War methods and ways. In fact, their armed detachments have become Terrorist Organizations. In recent years they are acting mostly as, 3-5 men  groups. For example, in recent years, so called Karachay-Cherkess “Jamaat” acts as autonomous, divided into small armed groups, with network system.[ЛИШЬ ВОПРОС ВРЕМЕНИ. ТЕРАКТ В МЕТРО БЫЛ ЗАПЛАНИРОВАН ДАВНО”,СОЛДАТОВ, А., БОРОГАН, И., 08. 30 2010, http://www.ej.ru/?a=note&id=9983] Special Services of Russian Federation have arrested many members of this “Jamaat”. So they could to gain the information directly during their interrogatory process. Despite this, they haven’t been able to destroy Karachay-Cherkess “Jamaat” completely. The point is that, arresting separated small armed group fighters (“Mujahedeen” or “fighters,” it is depended to whose view will we share – Radical Islamic Movement or their opponents), doesn’t mean gaining full information on other armed parts being in “Jamaat” Accordingly, moving of “Jamaat” on autonomous, network system terrorist actions made quite difficult for Russian Federation Special Services to gain information on inner actions.

According to the historical experience, the most effective against autonomously acting, large or small terrorist groups, is the usage of the secret agents.  Just through the secret agents is possible to “explore” effective network of a Terrorist Organization and identification of the members of “fighting cells.” It is obvious that producing such activity or collecting the information is not possible from separated armed groups, simple members. As usual, they know only the members and leader of their group and have no information on other groups. Correspondingly, the main goal for special services fighting against autonomously acting terrorist Organizations is to arrest leader of Terrorist Organization or “cell”, gaining relatively complete information from them, or their winning over under this goal – so called “making them agents.”   

After terrorist acts performed one by another in the central cities of Russia by the representatives of the Radical Islamic Movement acting in the republics of the North Caucasus, special services of Russian Federation have made orientation on a wide usage of the secret agents. Also they’ve changed the tactic for using the secret agents. Earlier, in 1990s, information gained by the agents was basically used for physical liquidation of members of the Radical Islamic Movement and Islamic Terrorist Organizations and their supporters. In recent years they’ve improved their activity and started usage of the secret agents in long-term perspective actively. It is expressed in the fact, that first of all they try to get information through the secret agents for a long time for “exploring” Terrorist Organization network effectively – they collect complete information on organization connections, sources of finance and members’ identity. And then, they implement effective counter-measures, and the second one, through hierarchically promoted agents, they try to manage Terrorist Organizations, namely encourage them for doing such actions those are in the interests of Special Services. [T. Simashvili, “Secret (Political) Police Against Revolutionary Parties in Georgia 1894-1908”(Strategy, Tactics, Methods uses of an agency against Terrorists) Тelavi,  2003, pg. 145 (on Georgian)]

Nowadays, Special Services modern Russian Federation are using against the Radical Islamic Movement acting in the North Caucasus republics analog strategy, tactic, methods and ways used by the Russian Imperia and Soviet Special services. On the other hand, officers of the Soviet Special Services “were growing” on the examples of terrorist past of Bolsheviks and left-wing Essers(Socialist-Revolutionist party) – co-workers of Cheka (the first Soviet Special Service). On the one hand, Cheka took tactic, methods and ways in the fight against Anti Soviet Secret Organizations from the Secret (Political) Police of Russian Federation; and on the other hand, from the experience of revolutionary and terrorist organizations acting in the Russian Empire.

Russian Empire Secret (Political) Police “Okhranka” was actively using the Secret Agents in its activity. It is obvious that the most important for Tsarist Russian secret police were the Agents, who were enrolled in Revolutionary Parties and Terrorist Organizations. Part of the Secret Agents “was grown” by an officer of the Secret Police, or they were taught the ways for collecting information, also other skills necessary for the Secret Agent’s activity and then sent them in Revolutionary or Terrorist Organizations. The other part consisted of the Agents, who were won over with different ways and methods from Revolutionary Organizations.

Activity of “Okhranka” Agents was especially “improved” during the Revolution in 1905-1907 years. At that time strategy and tactic of usage of Tsarist Russian Secret Police Agents passed several stages for development.

From them particularly interesting is tactic for the Secret Agents’ hierarchic promotion and then managing Terrorist or Revolutionary organizations through the Agent leaded to the organization, used since 1907 by Russian Secret Police. According to the special circular sent in October 1907 by Russian Empire Police Department, local “Okhranka” department leaders were obliged – “to use transitional state and promote Secret Coworkers (Agents) towards the center of the organization.” [Central Historical Archive of Georgia(CHAG), F.153, DES.1,  C.98,  pg.44(on Russian)] The Secret Agents were given right to participate in terrorist acts performed by the organization against senior coworkers of police in order to gain confidence in Revolutionary and Terrorist Organizations leaders. [П. Курлов, ,,Конец Русского Царизма”, Москва, 1923, с.5, (on Russian)] Thus, Russian Empire Secret Police, according to the Revolutionary Organizations, in order to manage political actions in the country, even haven’t spared its own coworkers. Even more, the Secret Agents often performed different types of commissions, which caused tension, conflicts between different political parties, performed disconnection role between the parties and different types of provocative actions. Accordingly, on the other hand, in order to promote the Secret Agents in Revolutionary and Terrorist Organizations, the persons who obstructed agents in their activities, were arrested or destroyed physically. In return for, the persons who were in a good relationship with agents were remained untouchable. They were arrested only in special cases. Thus, on the one hand, in order to increase agent’s authority and on the other hand, to strengthen his/her influence, local bodies of the secret police supported to agents in hierarchic promotion with every way.

By using this tactic, the Secret Police could activate Revolutionary and terrorist Organizations, or vice versa, weakening activity. It already meant spreading control not only on the activities of the Revolutionary Organizations, but on the management of political process in the country as well. [Б. Николаевский, ,,История одного предателя``, Москва, 1991, с. 168, (on Russian)]

History of arresting “Military Emir” – “Magas” (Ali Musaevich Taziev) of Radical Islamic Movement, so called “Caucasus Emirate” gives us opportunity to make a good parallel between the activities of the Russian Empire Secret Police and modern Russian Federation Special Services. He was arrested in June 2010 by the Russian Special Services. To their mind, “Magas” was one of the commanders of the 2004 Nazran raid [Вынесен приговор по делу о нападениинаИнгушетию(http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2011/02/110202_ingushetia_attack_verdict.shtml); Нападение на Бесланорганизовал "героически погибший" в 1998 году милиционер (http://www.newsinfo.ru/articles/2004-09-08/item/525231/)], organizer of terrorist act performed on Ingushetia President Yunus-bek Yevkurov in June 2009 and many other crimes. [Кафирыобъявили, что захватили в плен военного амира Магаса, 09.06.2010http://kavkazcenter.com/russ/content/2010/06/09/73037.shtml] After “Magas” capture alive, Russian Special Services started active destroying of Terrorist Organizations leaders having the Radical Islamic ideological base and acting in the North Caucasus. [Террористов бомбили по наводке Магаса, http://www.utro.ru/articles/2011/04/01/966376.shtml] Thus, interrogation of one of the leaders “Magas” of the Radical Islamic Movement acting in the North Caucasus Republics gave quite lot information on terrorist underground to Russian Special Services. Just this person's arrest is related to the spreading the information on a new tactic used by the secret police in the North Caucasus by the Russian Special Services.

Namely, in 2009 and especially in 2010 years, local “Jamaat” of the Radical Islamic Movement acting in the North Caucasus Republics, actively started deliberate destruction of the representatives of power structures of the authority. Different kinds of terrorist acts – explosions, armed attacks, burning houses and other actions, were basically directed against the coworkers of power structures – militiamen (now policemen). For example, local “Jamaat” acting on the territory of the North Caucasus Republics, Dagestan and Ingushetia, used snipers’ attacks on militiamen as the form of the terrorist act. So, many militiamen were killed in attacks performed from cover-shelter, mainly in different places of the towns, settlements, without any hesitation by a good sniper. [Дагестан: милиционеров уничтожать, простых людей не трогать http://www.izvestia.ru/news/352827] After some time, such kind of attacks on militiamen was stopped suddenly.

For example, in Ingushetia, as it turned out to be, such kind of secret attacks on militiamen was performed by one of the local “Jammat” member. Soon he was hierarchically promoted and became “Jamaat” leader – Emir. After some time he was killed in the village of Surkhakhi of Nazran district, Ingushetia. As it clears out, he was killed by “Jamaat” members. Just the motive of this murder performed by the members of the Radical Islamic Organizations is quite interesting for us.

One of the Web Sites, supporting to the Radical Islamic Movement in the North Caucasus, published their statement, from where we clear out, that according to their point of view, Emir of above mentioned “Jamaat” was Russian Federation Special Service Agent (I don’t name this person’s name because of ethical reasons. Interested reader can search this statement on directed Web Site. [Командование ингушских моджахедов сообщило о разоблачении и ликвидации предателя, сдавшего амира Магаса, 07.07.2010, http://kavkazcenter.com/russ/content/2010/07/07/73638.shtml])

According to the materials of the named Web Site, two years earlier he was “sent” as a Secret Agent to one of the “Jamaat” acting on the territory of Ingushetia by Russian Special Services. In order to achieve hierarchically high post in the organization and justify the confidence of “Jamaat” members, this person as a sniper, began attacks on militiamen. However, he killed only ordinary militiamen. Such kind of terrorist activity assisted him in order to gain a big authority and accordingly, confidence among “Jamaat” members. It is clear from the statement published by the Radical Islamic Movement acting on the territory of Ingushetia, that time to time he was delivering information on mentioned “Jamaat” Emirs. Or, he was giving their addresses, car numbers to the correspondent Special Services of Russian Federation. “Jamaat” Emirs were arrested or killed one by another. In fact, with such action, he got rid of the “competitors” and just in result of this he became the leader of “Jamaat”. [Командование ингушских моджахедов сообщило о разоблачении и ликвидации предателя, сдавшего амира Магаса, 07.07.2010,http://kavkazcenter.com/russ/content/2010/07/07/73638.shtml]

It is interesting, that as it clears out, on the one hand “Jamaat” members received information on the agents “sent” to them from the representatives of Russian Special Services. According to this information, this secret agent as a leader of “Jamaat” was necessary for Russian Special Services in order to commit other greater “provocation.” Namely, he should kill local figures, followers of Traditional Islam in the district of “Jamaat” actions. Presumably, such action would cause controversy between the population following Traditional Islam and the representatives of the Radical Islamic Movements, and it might be followed by civil war in Ingushetia. In that way, if we trust to this information, we’ll clearly see reanimation of tactic for managing agents by modern Russian Special Services and used in past by Tsarist Russia Secret Police.

We shall say hereby, that sources, related with local Special Services of Russian Federation, officially refuse existence of such fact. [Лицемерие ингушских бандитов, 08.07.2010, http://kavkazcenter.blog.ru/?year=2010&month=07&day=8] Despite of this, to my mind, just the fact that above mentioned history repeats the tactic for using and managing agents by Tsarist Russia Secret Police, confirms correctness of this information.

In recent period, a wide usage of the Secret Agents by modern Russian Federation Special Services is confirmed by several other facts. At the end of April 2011, on the basis of the Secret Agent’s information, armed subunits of Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB) and Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Federal District of the North Caucasus, laid siege to one of the abandoned village school in Stavropol district and killed leaders of the Radical Islamic Movement and their co-fighters on the territory of Kabardino-Balkar Republic. According to the informational source of Russian Special Services, they had a meeting for discussing future plans and plan terrorist acts. [Главаря боевиков Кабардино-Балкарии уничтожили в школе, 29.04.2011,http://www.utro.ru/articles/2011/04/29/972161.shtml] At the same period, on the basis of the secret agent’s information as well, performed liquidation of one of the leaders of the radical Islamic movement in Dagestan. [Уничтоженные в Ставрополье боевики собирались обсудить будущие теракты, http://www.utro.ru/news/2011/04/29/972280.shtml]

Thus, as we see, studying and analyzing the history of Russian Special Services is necessary and inevitable - everything new is well forgotten old.